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Multimode and single-mode optical fibre: standards, classes, compatibility and splicing
A detailed, sourced overview: how multimode and single-mode fibre work, OM1–OM5 and OS1/OS2 classes, ITU G.652 and G.657, Ethernet reach, loss budgets, mixing fibres and…
IEC 60870-5-104: TCP/IP telecontrol in power systems
IEC 104 stations, APDU/ASDU frames, events, commands, timing, redundancy and security.
IEC 60870-5-101: serial telecontrol in power systems
IEC 101 link modes, FT1.2 checksums, ASDU addressing, polling, event time and integration.
IEC 61850: communication and models for digital substations
MMS, GOOSE, Sampled Values, SCL, timing requirements and security without universal performance claims.
DNP3 (IEEE 1815): telecontrol for power networks
DNP3 objects, events, unsolicited responses, control and Secure Authentication without overstating guarantees.
Modbus TCP and RTU for energy measurement and control
Energy meters, inverters, register maps, serial/IP gateways and secure Modbus integration.
DLMS/COSEM (IEC 62056): smart metering and AMI
COSEM objects, OBIS identifiers, communication profiles, load records and the distinct layers of security.
MQTT and Sparkplug B for energy telemetry and SCADA
Publish–subscribe, message delivery, birth/death state and the limits of MQTT/Sparkplug integration.
OPC UA (IEC 62541): integration of SCADA, DCS and MES
OPC UA information models, services, mappings, subscriptions and the correct distinction between UA security and TLS.
DMX512: stage and architectural lighting control
DMX512 framing, timing, universes, RDM and Art-Net/sACN with practical wiring limits.
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