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Multimode and single-mode optical fibre: standards, classes, compatibility and splicing
Optical standards 25.10.2026
Multimode and single-mode optical fibre: standards, classes, compatibility and splicing
A detailed, sourced overview: how multimode and single-mode fibre work, OM1–OM5 and OS1/OS2 classes, ITU G.652 and G.657, Ethernet reach, loss budgets, mixing fibres and…
IEC 60870-5-104: TCP/IP telecontrol in power systems
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
IEC 60870-5-104: TCP/IP telecontrol in power systems
IEC 104 stations, APDU/ASDU frames, events, commands, timing, redundancy and security.
IEC 60870-5-101: serial telecontrol in power systems
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
IEC 60870-5-101: serial telecontrol in power systems
IEC 101 link modes, FT1.2 checksums, ASDU addressing, polling, event time and integration.
IEC 61850: communication and models for digital substations
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
IEC 61850: communication and models for digital substations
MMS, GOOSE, Sampled Values, SCL, timing requirements and security without universal performance claims.
DNP3 (IEEE 1815): telecontrol for power networks
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
DNP3 (IEEE 1815): telecontrol for power networks
DNP3 objects, events, unsolicited responses, control and Secure Authentication without overstating guarantees.
Modbus TCP and RTU for energy measurement and control
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
Modbus TCP and RTU for energy measurement and control
Energy meters, inverters, register maps, serial/IP gateways and secure Modbus integration.
DLMS/COSEM (IEC 62056): smart metering and AMI
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
DLMS/COSEM (IEC 62056): smart metering and AMI
COSEM objects, OBIS identifiers, communication profiles, load records and the distinct layers of security.
MQTT and Sparkplug B for energy telemetry and SCADA
Протоколи в енергетиката 18.10.2026
MQTT and Sparkplug B for energy telemetry and SCADA
Publish–subscribe, message delivery, birth/death state and the limits of MQTT/Sparkplug integration.

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